![]() ![]() Very high rates of family fragmentation in the United States are subtracting from what very large numbers of students are learning in school and holding them back in other ways. Some observers have claimed that the rise of single-parent families (as reflected in high rates of divorce and nonmarital childbearing) is the primary cause of school failure and related problems of delinquency, drug use, teenage pregnancies, poverty, and welfare dependency in American society ( Blankenhorn, 1995 Fagan, 1999 Pearlstein, 2011 Popenoe, 2009 Whitehead, 1997). The combination of these two observations suggests that the rise in single parenthood has lowered (or slowed improvements in) the educational achievement of children in the United States. Second, research shows that children in single-parent households score below children in two-parent households, on average, on measures of educational achievement ( Amato, 2005 Brown, 2010 McLanahan and Sandefur, 1994). Given current trends, about of half of all children will spend some time living with single parents before reaching adulthood ( McLanahan and Percheski, 2008). Only 9 percent of children lived with single parents in the 1960s-a figure that increased to 28 percent in 2012 ( Child Trends, 2013). First, the percentage of children living with single parents increased substantially in the United States during the second half of the 20 th century. One year later the label released Paul's solo album Master of Evil, which featured guest appearances from Violent J, Yelawolf, and Lil Wyte.Two well-known facts provide a rationale for the current study. Paul, Lord Infamous, Crunchy Black, Koopsta Knicca, and Gangsta Boo reunited in 2014 as Da Mafia 6ix, and by the end of the year they collaborated with the Insane Clown Posse on the album Reindeer Games, which was released by ICP's Psychopathic imprint. Paul released the solo album Scale-A-Ton in 2009 then in 2012 he released A Person of Interest, an LP that was hip-hop-based but incorporated some dance and dubstep. After Three 6 Mafia released the 2008 album Last 2 Walk, the group took a break. His first solo album, Underground 16: For da Summa, landed in 2002 then in 2006 Paul, Juicy J, and Crunchy Black won an Academy Award for Best Original Song for "It's Hard Out Here for a Pimp" from the film Hustle & Flow. By the end of the decade, the two producers extended their brand and helmed an empire, culminating with their commercial breakthrough album, When the Smoke Clears (2000), which debuted at number six on Billboard's album chart. ![]() Throughout the late '90s, Juicy J and DJ Paul produced numerous albums a year for Hypnotized Minds and capitalized on the lucrative distribution deal. The album became an underground success, and Three 6 Mafia, in turn, signed a distribution deal with Relativity for its Hypnotized Minds imprint. In 1995, the loose collective changed its name to Three 6 Mafia and self-released its debut album, Mystic Stylez. They released the resulting tracks locally as Triple 6 Mafia years later these recordings would resurface as re-releases. The two soon began producing their own tracks and invited numerous Memphis rappers to rap over the beats. ![]() Juicy J (born Jordan Houston) and DJ Paul (Paul Beauregard) first came together at the dawn of the '90s, when they worked as DJs in the Memphis area. ![]() Moreover, DJ Paul ventured into filmmaking with Choices (2001), a straight-to-video film starring most of the Three 6 Mafia collective. He also raps as a member of Three 6 Mafia and contributes rhymes to most of the albums he produces for such artists as Project Pat, Gangsta Boo, La Chat, and Tear da Club Up Thugs. Like his production partner, DJ Paul specialized in dark, eerie tracks driven by bass-heavy beats and haunting sounds. Behind the duo's leadership, Three 6 Mafia rose from an underground phenomenon in Memphis to a nationally recognized rap empire, landing themselves an Academy Award before spinning off numerous solo albums for the collective's many members in the mid- to late '90s. Together with production partner Juicy J, DJ Paul played an important role in the South's rise to prominence within the once East and West Coast-dominated rap industry. ![]()
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